Phil Haack gives his summary of a recent study on the benefits of test-driven development (TDD). The study had two groups of students write unit tests for their programming assignments. Students assigned to the test-first group were instructed to write their unit tests before writing their production code, as required by TDD. Students assigned to the test-last group were told to write their tests after writing their production code. Students in the test-first group wrote higher quality code.
The study concluded that code quality was correlated with the number of unit tests, independent of whether the test were written first or last. However, the test-first students wrote more tests in the same amount of time.
Note that students were assigned to test-first or test-last. Most programming studies are just surveys. The results are always questionable because professional programmers decide their tools. So, for example, you cannot conclude from a survey that technique X makes programmers more productive than technique Y. The survey may say more about the programmers who chose each technique than about the techniques themselves.